When beekeepers talk about Nosema in bees they are really talking about infection caused by the obligate microsporidian parasites Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae.
Nosema is a small parasitic fungus. If you read older books they will tell you that they are Protozoa. Recent advances in science have apparently cleared up that confusion.
My general experience with Nosema is that it gets a lot worse in a badly ventilated hive. Ensure that your hives are well ventilated. In winter, a candy board can help reduce moisture build-up.
If you are in the US, where Fumagilin is still legal for treatment, the normal method of treatment is to provide bees with the antibiotic in sugar solution in spring and autumn.